{
  "title": "Identity Consolidation Report 2026",
  "publisher": "StartWithIdentity.com",
  "url": "https://startwithidentity.com/reports/identity-consolidation-report-2026/",
  "snapshot": "2026-10-31",
  "source_data_updated": "2026-10-31",
  "license": "Free to reuse with attribution to StartWithIdentity.com",
  "price_status": {
    "disclosed": "Stated by a party to the deal: press release, investor release, or SEC filing.",
    "reported": "Not stated by a party; a named outlet reported it citing sources. price_usd is the lower bound where a range was reported.",
    "undisclosed": "No figure stated or credibly reported."
  },
  "definitions": {
    "acquired": "Target of a closed deal in data/acquisitions.json.",
    "pending_acquisition": "Target of a signed deal that has not closed.",
    "product_line_of_larger_company": "A product line of a diversified company whose main business is not that product (Microsoft, AWS, Google, Cisco, Oracle, Zoho and similar).",
    "pe_owned": "Controlled by a private-equity firm or other financial sponsor named in the profile ownership line, and not otherwise counted as acquired.",
    "independent": "Everything else: standalone public or venture-backed companies, open-source projects and nonprofits."
  },
  "categories": [
    {
      "category": "pki",
      "vendors_tracked": 9,
      "acquired": 2,
      "pending_acquisition": 0,
      "product_line_of_larger_company": 1,
      "pe_owned": 4,
      "independent": 2,
      "independence_rate_pct": 22,
      "acquired_or_pending_pct": 22
    },
    {
      "category": "iam",
      "vendors_tracked": 20,
      "acquired": 2,
      "pending_acquisition": 0,
      "product_line_of_larger_company": 7,
      "pe_owned": 3,
      "independent": 8,
      "independence_rate_pct": 40,
      "acquired_or_pending_pct": 10
    },
    {
      "category": "pam",
      "vendors_tracked": 19,
      "acquired": 6,
      "pending_acquisition": 0,
      "product_line_of_larger_company": 1,
      "pe_owned": 4,
      "independent": 8,
      "independence_rate_pct": 42,
      "acquired_or_pending_pct": 32
    },
    {
      "category": "secrets",
      "vendors_tracked": 9,
      "acquired": 1,
      "pending_acquisition": 0,
      "product_line_of_larger_company": 3,
      "pe_owned": 1,
      "independent": 4,
      "independence_rate_pct": 44,
      "acquired_or_pending_pct": 11
    },
    {
      "category": "iga",
      "vendors_tracked": 20,
      "acquired": 3,
      "pending_acquisition": 1,
      "product_line_of_larger_company": 1,
      "pe_owned": 4,
      "independent": 11,
      "independence_rate_pct": 55,
      "acquired_or_pending_pct": 20
    },
    {
      "category": "ciem",
      "vendors_tracked": 10,
      "acquired": 2,
      "pending_acquisition": 0,
      "product_line_of_larger_company": 2,
      "pe_owned": 0,
      "independent": 6,
      "independence_rate_pct": 60,
      "acquired_or_pending_pct": 20
    },
    {
      "category": "machine-identity",
      "vendors_tracked": 5,
      "acquired": 2,
      "pending_acquisition": 0,
      "product_line_of_larger_company": 0,
      "pe_owned": 0,
      "independent": 3,
      "independence_rate_pct": 60,
      "acquired_or_pending_pct": 40
    },
    {
      "category": "ai-identity",
      "vendors_tracked": 14,
      "acquired": 5,
      "pending_acquisition": 0,
      "product_line_of_larger_company": 0,
      "pe_owned": 0,
      "independent": 9,
      "independence_rate_pct": 64,
      "acquired_or_pending_pct": 36
    },
    {
      "category": "zero-trust",
      "vendors_tracked": 13,
      "acquired": 2,
      "pending_acquisition": 0,
      "product_line_of_larger_company": 1,
      "pe_owned": 1,
      "independent": 9,
      "independence_rate_pct": 69,
      "acquired_or_pending_pct": 15
    },
    {
      "category": "ciam",
      "vendors_tracked": 30,
      "acquired": 3,
      "pending_acquisition": 0,
      "product_line_of_larger_company": 6,
      "pe_owned": 0,
      "independent": 21,
      "independence_rate_pct": 70,
      "acquired_or_pending_pct": 10
    },
    {
      "category": "itdr",
      "vendors_tracked": 21,
      "acquired": 1,
      "pending_acquisition": 0,
      "product_line_of_larger_company": 3,
      "pe_owned": 2,
      "independent": 15,
      "independence_rate_pct": 71,
      "acquired_or_pending_pct": 5
    },
    {
      "category": "mfa",
      "vendors_tracked": 18,
      "acquired": 1,
      "pending_acquisition": 0,
      "product_line_of_larger_company": 3,
      "pe_owned": 1,
      "independent": 13,
      "independence_rate_pct": 72,
      "acquired_or_pending_pct": 6
    },
    {
      "category": "authorization",
      "vendors_tracked": 11,
      "acquired": 2,
      "pending_acquisition": 0,
      "product_line_of_larger_company": 1,
      "pe_owned": 0,
      "independent": 8,
      "independence_rate_pct": 73,
      "acquired_or_pending_pct": 18
    },
    {
      "category": "identity-verification",
      "vendors_tracked": 44,
      "acquired": 3,
      "pending_acquisition": 0,
      "product_line_of_larger_company": 4,
      "pe_owned": 1,
      "independent": 36,
      "independence_rate_pct": 82,
      "acquired_or_pending_pct": 7
    },
    {
      "category": "password-management",
      "vendors_tracked": 22,
      "acquired": 0,
      "pending_acquisition": 0,
      "product_line_of_larger_company": 3,
      "pe_owned": 0,
      "independent": 19,
      "independence_rate_pct": 86,
      "acquired_or_pending_pct": 0
    },
    {
      "category": "open-source",
      "vendors_tracked": 15,
      "acquired": 2,
      "pending_acquisition": 0,
      "product_line_of_larger_company": 0,
      "pe_owned": 0,
      "independent": 13,
      "independence_rate_pct": 87,
      "acquired_or_pending_pct": 13
    },
    {
      "category": "decentralized-identity",
      "vendors_tracked": 17,
      "acquired": 1,
      "pending_acquisition": 0,
      "product_line_of_larger_company": 1,
      "pe_owned": 0,
      "independent": 15,
      "independence_rate_pct": 88,
      "acquired_or_pending_pct": 6
    },
    {
      "category": "All categories",
      "vendors_tracked": 297,
      "acquired": 38,
      "pending_acquisition": 1,
      "product_line_of_larger_company": 37,
      "pe_owned": 21,
      "independent": 200,
      "independence_rate_pct": 67,
      "acquired_or_pending_pct": 13
    }
  ],
  "vendors": [
    {
      "category": "ai-identity",
      "slug": "aembit",
      "name": "Aembit",
      "ownership": "Private (VC-backed)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "ai-identity",
      "slug": "andromeda-security",
      "name": "Andromeda Security",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "ai-identity",
      "slug": "astrix-security",
      "name": "Astrix Security",
      "ownership": "Acquired by Cisco (closed 2026-06-29)",
      "ownership_class": "acquired"
    },
    {
      "category": "ai-identity",
      "slug": "clutch-security",
      "name": "Clutch Security",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "ai-identity",
      "slug": "corsha",
      "name": "Corsha",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "ai-identity",
      "slug": "cyera",
      "name": "Cyera",
      "ownership": "Private (VC-backed; $600M raised in June 2026 at a reported $12B valuation)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "ai-identity",
      "slug": "entro-security",
      "name": "Entro Security",
      "ownership": "Acquired by SailPoint (closed 2026-06-29)",
      "ownership_class": "acquired"
    },
    {
      "category": "ai-identity",
      "slug": "natoma",
      "name": "Natoma",
      "ownership": "Acquired by Snowflake (closed 2026-06-03) for $128.3M",
      "ownership_class": "acquired"
    },
    {
      "category": "ai-identity",
      "slug": "oasis-security",
      "name": "Oasis Security",
      "ownership": "Acquired by Cyera (completion reported 2026-09-08) for about $1B",
      "ownership_class": "acquired"
    },
    {
      "category": "ai-identity",
      "slug": "p0-security",
      "name": "P0 Security",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "ai-identity",
      "slug": "permiso-security",
      "name": "Permiso Security",
      "ownership": "Acquired by Okta (closed 2026-08-26)",
      "ownership_class": "acquired"
    },
    {
      "category": "ai-identity",
      "slug": "slashid",
      "name": "SlashID",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "ai-identity",
      "slug": "token-security",
      "name": "Token Security",
      "ownership": "Private (VC-backed)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "ai-identity",
      "slug": "whiteswan-security",
      "name": "Whiteswan Security",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "authorization",
      "slug": "aserto",
      "name": "Aserto",
      "ownership": "Private (open source)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "authorization",
      "slug": "authzed",
      "name": "AuthZed",
      "ownership": "Private (open source)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "authorization",
      "slug": "aws-verified-permissions",
      "name": "AWS Verified Permissions",
      "ownership": "Public (Amazon/AWS)",
      "ownership_class": "product_line"
    },
    {
      "category": "authorization",
      "slug": "cerbos",
      "name": "Cerbos",
      "ownership": "Private (open core, Cerbos Inc.)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "authorization",
      "slug": "openfga",
      "name": "OpenFGA",
      "ownership": "Open source (CNCF)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "authorization",
      "slug": "oso",
      "name": "Oso",
      "ownership": "Private (Oso Security Inc.)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "authorization",
      "slug": "permit-io",
      "name": "Permit.io",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "authorization",
      "slug": "plainid",
      "name": "PlainID",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "authorization",
      "slug": "sgnl",
      "name": "SGNL",
      "ownership": "Acquired by CrowdStrike (closed 2026-02-20)",
      "ownership_class": "acquired"
    },
    {
      "category": "authorization",
      "slug": "styra-opa",
      "name": "Styra / Open Policy Agent",
      "ownership": "Open source (OPA is a CNCF graduated project); OPA's creators and many Styra staff joined Apple in August 2025",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "authorization",
      "slug": "warrant",
      "name": "Warrant (WorkOS)",
      "ownership": "Private (WorkOS; acquired Warrant in 2024)",
      "ownership_class": "acquired"
    },
    {
      "category": "ciam",
      "slug": "akamai-identity-cloud",
      "name": "Akamai Identity Cloud",
      "ownership": "Part of Akamai (NASDAQ: AKAM)",
      "ownership_class": "product_line"
    },
    {
      "category": "ciam",
      "slug": "amazon-cognito",
      "name": "Amazon Cognito",
      "ownership": "Part of Amazon (NASDAQ: AMZN)",
      "ownership_class": "product_line"
    },
    {
      "category": "ciam",
      "slug": "auth0",
      "name": "Auth0",
      "ownership": "Subsidiary of Okta (NASDAQ: OKTA)",
      "ownership_class": "acquired"
    },
    {
      "category": "ciam",
      "slug": "authgear",
      "name": "Authgear",
      "ownership": "Private (Oursky)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "ciam",
      "slug": "authsignal",
      "name": "Authsignal",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "ciam",
      "slug": "cidaas",
      "name": "cidaas",
      "ownership": "Private (Widas Group)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "ciam",
      "slug": "clerk",
      "name": "Clerk",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "ciam",
      "slug": "corbado",
      "name": "Corbado",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "ciam",
      "slug": "curity",
      "name": "Curity",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "ciam",
      "slug": "descope",
      "name": "Descope",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "ciam",
      "slug": "frontegg",
      "name": "Frontegg",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "ciam",
      "slug": "fusionauth",
      "name": "FusionAuth",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "ciam",
      "slug": "google-identity",
      "name": "Google Identity / Firebase Auth",
      "ownership": "Part of Google (NASDAQ: GOOGL)",
      "ownership_class": "product_line"
    },
    {
      "category": "ciam",
      "slug": "kinde",
      "name": "Kinde",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "ciam",
      "slug": "loginradius",
      "name": "LoginRadius",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "ciam",
      "slug": "microsoft-entra-external-id",
      "name": "Microsoft Entra External ID",
      "ownership": "Public (NASDAQ: MSFT)",
      "ownership_class": "product_line"
    },
    {
      "category": "ciam",
      "slug": "mojoauth",
      "name": "MojoAuth",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "ciam",
      "slug": "nevis",
      "name": "Nevis",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "ciam",
      "slug": "passage",
      "name": "Passage by 1Password",
      "ownership": "Subsidiary of 1Password",
      "ownership_class": "acquired"
    },
    {
      "category": "ciam",
      "slug": "propelauth",
      "name": "PropelAuth",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "ciam",
      "slug": "salesforce-identity",
      "name": "Salesforce Identity",
      "ownership": "Part of Salesforce (NYSE: CRM)",
      "ownership_class": "product_line"
    },
    {
      "category": "ciam",
      "slug": "sap-customer-data-cloud",
      "name": "SAP Customer Data Cloud",
      "ownership": "Part of SAP (NYSE: SAP)",
      "ownership_class": "product_line"
    },
    {
      "category": "ciam",
      "slug": "scalekit",
      "name": "Scalekit",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "ciam",
      "slug": "ssojet",
      "name": "SSOJet",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "ciam",
      "slug": "strivacity",
      "name": "Strivacity",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "ciam",
      "slug": "stytch",
      "name": "Stytch",
      "ownership": "Acquired by Twilio (closed 2025-11-14)",
      "ownership_class": "acquired"
    },
    {
      "category": "ciam",
      "slug": "supertokens",
      "name": "SuperTokens",
      "ownership": "Private (open source core)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "ciam",
      "slug": "transmit-security",
      "name": "Transmit Security",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "ciam",
      "slug": "userfront",
      "name": "Userfront",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "ciam",
      "slug": "workos",
      "name": "WorkOS",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "ciem",
      "slug": "britive",
      "name": "Britive",
      "ownership": "Private (VC-backed)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "ciem",
      "slug": "microsoft-entra-permissions",
      "name": "Microsoft Entra Permissions Management",
      "ownership": "Public (Microsoft, NASDAQ: MSFT); product retired, end of support 1 November 2025",
      "ownership_class": "product_line"
    },
    {
      "category": "ciem",
      "slug": "orca-security",
      "name": "Orca Security",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "ciem",
      "slug": "prisma-cloud",
      "name": "Prisma Cloud",
      "ownership": "Public (Palo Alto Networks)",
      "ownership_class": "product_line"
    },
    {
      "category": "ciem",
      "slug": "sonrai-security",
      "name": "Sonrai Security",
      "ownership": "Private (VC-backed)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "ciem",
      "slug": "stream-security",
      "name": "Stream Security",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "ciem",
      "slug": "sysdig",
      "name": "Sysdig",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "ciem",
      "slug": "tenable-cloud-security",
      "name": "Tenable Cloud Security",
      "ownership": "Public (Tenable; acquired Ermetic in 2023)",
      "ownership_class": "acquired"
    },
    {
      "category": "ciem",
      "slug": "uptycs",
      "name": "Uptycs",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "ciem",
      "slug": "wiz",
      "name": "Wiz",
      "ownership": "Subsidiary of Google Cloud (closed 2026-03-11)",
      "ownership_class": "acquired"
    },
    {
      "category": "decentralized-identity",
      "slug": "affinidi",
      "name": "Affinidi",
      "ownership": "Private (Temasek-backed)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "decentralized-identity",
      "slug": "cheqd",
      "name": "cheqd",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "decentralized-identity",
      "slug": "civic",
      "name": "Civic",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "decentralized-identity",
      "slug": "dentity",
      "name": "Dentity",
      "ownership": "Private (VC-backed)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "decentralized-identity",
      "slug": "dock",
      "name": "Dock",
      "ownership": "Private (token and VC-backed)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "decentralized-identity",
      "slug": "gataca",
      "name": "Gataca",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "decentralized-identity",
      "slug": "hyperledger-indy-aries",
      "name": "Hyperledger Indy, Aries & AnonCreds",
      "ownership": "Open source (Apache 2.0, Linux Foundation)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "decentralized-identity",
      "slug": "indicio",
      "name": "Indicio",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "decentralized-identity",
      "slug": "itsme",
      "name": "itsme",
      "ownership": "Private (Belgian Mobile ID)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "decentralized-identity",
      "slug": "mattr",
      "name": "MATTR",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "decentralized-identity",
      "slug": "microsoft-entra-verified-id",
      "name": "Microsoft Entra Verified ID",
      "ownership": "Public (Microsoft)",
      "ownership_class": "product_line"
    },
    {
      "category": "decentralized-identity",
      "slug": "privado-id",
      "name": "Privado ID (Polygon ID)",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "decentralized-identity",
      "slug": "procivis",
      "name": "Procivis",
      "ownership": "Subsidiary of Orell Füssli",
      "ownership_class": "acquired"
    },
    {
      "category": "decentralized-identity",
      "slug": "spruce-id",
      "name": "Spruce ID",
      "ownership": "Private (VC-backed)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "decentralized-identity",
      "slug": "talao",
      "name": "Talao",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "decentralized-identity",
      "slug": "trinsic",
      "name": "Trinsic",
      "ownership": "Private (VC-backed); sold its decentralized-identity platform to Dentity 2024-12-12",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "decentralized-identity",
      "slug": "walt-id",
      "name": "walt.id",
      "ownership": "Private (open source)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "iam",
      "slug": "avatier",
      "name": "Avatier",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "iam",
      "slug": "aws-iam-identity-center",
      "name": "AWS IAM Identity Center",
      "ownership": "Public (Amazon/AWS)",
      "ownership_class": "product_line"
    },
    {
      "category": "iam",
      "slug": "ca-broadcom",
      "name": "CA / Broadcom Identity",
      "ownership": "Public (NASDAQ: AVGO)",
      "ownership_class": "product_line"
    },
    {
      "category": "iam",
      "slug": "entrust",
      "name": "Entrust",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "iam",
      "slug": "evidian",
      "name": "Evidian (Eviden, Atos)",
      "ownership": "Public (part of Atos, Euronext: ATO)",
      "ownership_class": "product_line"
    },
    {
      "category": "iam",
      "slug": "fischer-identity",
      "name": "Fischer Identity",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "iam",
      "slug": "forgerock",
      "name": "ForgeRock",
      "ownership": "Subsidiary of Ping Identity (Thoma Bravo)",
      "ownership_class": "acquired"
    },
    {
      "category": "iam",
      "slug": "ibm-verify",
      "name": "IBM Verify",
      "ownership": "Public (NYSE: IBM)",
      "ownership_class": "product_line"
    },
    {
      "category": "iam",
      "slug": "jumpcloud",
      "name": "JumpCloud",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "iam",
      "slug": "microsoft-entra",
      "name": "Microsoft Entra ID",
      "ownership": "Public (NASDAQ: MSFT)",
      "ownership_class": "product_line"
    },
    {
      "category": "iam",
      "slug": "miniorange",
      "name": "miniOrange",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "iam",
      "slug": "okta",
      "name": "Okta",
      "ownership": "Public (NASDAQ: OKTA)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "iam",
      "slug": "onelogin",
      "name": "OneLogin",
      "ownership": "Subsidiary of One Identity (Quest Software)",
      "ownership_class": "acquired"
    },
    {
      "category": "iam",
      "slug": "oracle",
      "name": "Oracle Identity",
      "ownership": "Public (NYSE: ORCL)",
      "ownership_class": "product_line"
    },
    {
      "category": "iam",
      "slug": "ping-identity",
      "name": "Ping Identity",
      "ownership": "Private (Thoma Bravo)",
      "ownership_class": "pe_owned"
    },
    {
      "category": "iam",
      "slug": "rsa",
      "name": "RSA",
      "ownership": "Private (Symphony Technology Group)",
      "ownership_class": "pe_owned"
    },
    {
      "category": "iam",
      "slug": "secureauth",
      "name": "SecureAuth",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "iam",
      "slug": "simeio",
      "name": "Simeio",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "iam",
      "slug": "thales-safenet",
      "name": "Thales SafeNet Trusted Access",
      "ownership": "Public (Euronext: HO)",
      "ownership_class": "product_line"
    },
    {
      "category": "iam",
      "slug": "wso2",
      "name": "WSO2",
      "ownership": "Private (majority EQT)",
      "ownership_class": "pe_owned"
    },
    {
      "category": "identity-verification",
      "slug": "alloy",
      "name": "Alloy",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "identity-verification",
      "slug": "au10tix",
      "name": "AU10TIX",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "identity-verification",
      "slug": "biocatch",
      "name": "BioCatch",
      "ownership": "Majority-owned by Permira (acquired 2024-09-09 at a $1.3B valuation)",
      "ownership_class": "acquired"
    },
    {
      "category": "identity-verification",
      "slug": "bureau",
      "name": "Bureau",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "identity-verification",
      "slug": "clear",
      "name": "CLEAR",
      "ownership": "Public (NYSE: YOU)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "identity-verification",
      "slug": "complyadvantage",
      "name": "ComplyAdvantage",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "identity-verification",
      "slug": "daon",
      "name": "Daon",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "identity-verification",
      "slug": "didit",
      "name": "Didit",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "identity-verification",
      "slug": "experian-crosscore",
      "name": "Experian CrossCore",
      "ownership": "Public (LSE: EXPN)",
      "ownership_class": "product_line"
    },
    {
      "category": "identity-verification",
      "slug": "facetec",
      "name": "FaceTec",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "identity-verification",
      "slug": "feedzai",
      "name": "Feedzai",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "identity-verification",
      "slug": "footprint",
      "name": "Footprint",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "identity-verification",
      "slug": "gbg",
      "name": "GBG",
      "ownership": "Public (LSE: GBG)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "identity-verification",
      "slug": "hyperverge",
      "name": "HyperVerge",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "identity-verification",
      "slug": "id-me",
      "name": "ID.me",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "identity-verification",
      "slug": "idenfy",
      "name": "iDenfy",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "identity-verification",
      "slug": "idfy",
      "name": "IDfy",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "identity-verification",
      "slug": "idnow",
      "name": "IDnow",
      "ownership": "Majority-owned by Corsair Capital (acquired 2025, reported at about $295M)",
      "ownership_class": "acquired"
    },
    {
      "category": "identity-verification",
      "slug": "incode",
      "name": "Incode",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "identity-verification",
      "slug": "innovatrics",
      "name": "Innovatrics",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "identity-verification",
      "slug": "iproov",
      "name": "iProov",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "identity-verification",
      "slug": "jumio",
      "name": "Jumio",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "identity-verification",
      "slug": "lexisnexis-risk",
      "name": "LexisNexis Risk Solutions",
      "ownership": "Part of RELX (LSE/NYSE: RELX)",
      "ownership_class": "product_line"
    },
    {
      "category": "identity-verification",
      "slug": "middesk",
      "name": "Middesk",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "identity-verification",
      "slug": "mitek",
      "name": "Mitek Systems",
      "ownership": "Public (NASDAQ: MITK)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "identity-verification",
      "slug": "ondato",
      "name": "Ondato",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "identity-verification",
      "slug": "onfido",
      "name": "Onfido",
      "ownership": "Subsidiary of Entrust",
      "ownership_class": "acquired"
    },
    {
      "category": "identity-verification",
      "slug": "persona",
      "name": "Persona",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "identity-verification",
      "slug": "plaid-identity",
      "name": "Plaid Identity Verification",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "product_line"
    },
    {
      "category": "identity-verification",
      "slug": "prove",
      "name": "Prove",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "identity-verification",
      "slug": "regula",
      "name": "Regula",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "identity-verification",
      "slug": "sardine",
      "name": "Sardine",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "identity-verification",
      "slug": "sentilink",
      "name": "SentiLink",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "identity-verification",
      "slug": "seon",
      "name": "SEON",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "identity-verification",
      "slug": "shufti-pro",
      "name": "Shufti Pro",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "identity-verification",
      "slug": "signicat",
      "name": "Signicat",
      "ownership": "Private (Nordic Capital)",
      "ownership_class": "pe_owned"
    },
    {
      "category": "identity-verification",
      "slug": "signzy",
      "name": "Signzy",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "identity-verification",
      "slug": "socure",
      "name": "Socure",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "identity-verification",
      "slug": "stripe-identity",
      "name": "Stripe Identity",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "product_line"
    },
    {
      "category": "identity-verification",
      "slug": "sumsub",
      "name": "Sumsub",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "identity-verification",
      "slug": "trulioo",
      "name": "Trulioo",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "identity-verification",
      "slug": "veriff",
      "name": "Veriff",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "identity-verification",
      "slug": "vouched",
      "name": "Vouched",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "identity-verification",
      "slug": "yoti",
      "name": "Yoti",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "iga",
      "slug": "bravura-security",
      "name": "Bravura Security",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "iga",
      "slug": "clear-skye",
      "name": "Clear Skye",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "iga",
      "slug": "conductorone",
      "name": "C1 (formerly ConductorOne)",
      "ownership": "Workday agreed to acquire C1 on 2026-10-13, terms undisclosed; expected to close by January 31, 2027 (rebranded from ConductorOne to C1 in April 2026)",
      "ownership_class": "pending"
    },
    {
      "category": "iga",
      "slug": "empowerid",
      "name": "EmpowerID",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "iga",
      "slug": "evolveum",
      "name": "Evolveum midPoint",
      "ownership": "Private (open source)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "iga",
      "slug": "imprivata",
      "name": "Imprivata",
      "ownership": "Private (Thoma Bravo)",
      "ownership_class": "pe_owned"
    },
    {
      "category": "iga",
      "slug": "lumos",
      "name": "Lumos",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "iga",
      "slug": "omada",
      "name": "Omada",
      "ownership": "Public (NASDAQ Copenhagen: OMADA)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "iga",
      "slug": "one-identity",
      "name": "One Identity",
      "ownership": "Quest Software (Clearlake-backed); separation to an independent company announced June 2026, not yet confirmed closed",
      "ownership_class": "pe_owned"
    },
    {
      "category": "iga",
      "slug": "opentext-netiq",
      "name": "OpenText / NetIQ Identity Governance",
      "ownership": "Public (NASDAQ: OTEX)",
      "ownership_class": "product_line"
    },
    {
      "category": "iga",
      "slug": "radiant-logic",
      "name": "Radiant Logic",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "iga",
      "slug": "rsa-governance",
      "name": "RSA Governance & Lifecycle",
      "ownership": "Private (Symphony Technology Group)",
      "ownership_class": "pe_owned"
    },
    {
      "category": "iga",
      "slug": "sailpoint",
      "name": "SailPoint",
      "ownership": "Public (NASDAQ: SAIL); majority-held by Thoma Bravo",
      "ownership_class": "pe_owned"
    },
    {
      "category": "iga",
      "slug": "saviynt",
      "name": "Saviynt",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "iga",
      "slug": "securends",
      "name": "SecurEnds",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "iga",
      "slug": "soffid",
      "name": "Soffid",
      "ownership": "Private (open source)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "iga",
      "slug": "tuebora",
      "name": "Tuebora",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "iga",
      "slug": "veza",
      "name": "Veza",
      "ownership": "Acquired by ServiceNow (closed 2026-03-02) for about $1.2B",
      "ownership_class": "acquired"
    },
    {
      "category": "iga",
      "slug": "zilla-security",
      "name": "Zilla Security",
      "ownership": "Acquired by CyberArk (2025), now part of Palo Alto Networks and the Idira portfolio",
      "ownership_class": "acquired"
    },
    {
      "category": "iga",
      "slug": "zluri",
      "name": "Zluri",
      "ownership": "Acquired by Infotech (closed 2026-10-14), terms undisclosed",
      "ownership_class": "acquired"
    },
    {
      "category": "itdr",
      "slug": "above-security",
      "name": "Above Security",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "itdr",
      "slug": "authmind",
      "name": "AuthMind",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "itdr",
      "slug": "cayosoft",
      "name": "Cayosoft",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "itdr",
      "slug": "crowdstrike-falcon-identity",
      "name": "CrowdStrike Falcon Identity Protection",
      "ownership": "Public (CrowdStrike Holdings, NASDAQ: CRWD)",
      "ownership_class": "product_line"
    },
    {
      "category": "itdr",
      "slug": "grip-security",
      "name": "Grip Security",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "itdr",
      "slug": "gurucul",
      "name": "Gurucul",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "itdr",
      "slug": "microsoft-defender-identity",
      "name": "Microsoft Defender for Identity",
      "ownership": "Public (Microsoft, NASDAQ: MSFT)",
      "ownership_class": "product_line"
    },
    {
      "category": "itdr",
      "slug": "nudge-security",
      "name": "Nudge Security",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "itdr",
      "slug": "obsidian-security",
      "name": "Obsidian Security",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "itdr",
      "slug": "proofpoint",
      "name": "Proofpoint Identity Threat Defense",
      "ownership": "Private (Thoma Bravo)",
      "ownership_class": "pe_owned"
    },
    {
      "category": "itdr",
      "slug": "push-security",
      "name": "Push Security",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "itdr",
      "slug": "quest-change-auditor",
      "name": "Quest Change Auditor",
      "ownership": "Private (Clearlake)",
      "ownership_class": "pe_owned"
    },
    {
      "category": "itdr",
      "slug": "rezonate",
      "name": "Rezonate",
      "ownership": "Acquired by Silverfort (2024-11-13)",
      "ownership_class": "acquired"
    },
    {
      "category": "itdr",
      "slug": "semperis",
      "name": "Semperis",
      "ownership": "Private (VC-backed)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "itdr",
      "slug": "sharelock",
      "name": "Sharelock",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "itdr",
      "slug": "silverfort",
      "name": "Silverfort",
      "ownership": "Private (VC-backed)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "itdr",
      "slug": "spycloud",
      "name": "SpyCloud",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "itdr",
      "slug": "tenable-identity-exposure",
      "name": "Tenable Identity Exposure",
      "ownership": "Public (NASDAQ: TENB)",
      "ownership_class": "product_line"
    },
    {
      "category": "itdr",
      "slug": "valence-security",
      "name": "Valence Security",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "itdr",
      "slug": "vanishid",
      "name": "VanishID",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "itdr",
      "slug": "vectra-ai",
      "name": "Vectra AI",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "machine-identity",
      "slug": "akeyless",
      "name": "Akeyless",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "machine-identity",
      "slug": "hashicorp-vault",
      "name": "HashiCorp Vault",
      "ownership": "Subsidiary of IBM (NYSE: IBM)",
      "ownership_class": "acquired"
    },
    {
      "category": "machine-identity",
      "slug": "spiffe-spire",
      "name": "SPIFFE / SPIRE",
      "ownership": "Open Source (CNCF)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "machine-identity",
      "slug": "spirl",
      "name": "SPIRL",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "machine-identity",
      "slug": "venafi",
      "name": "Venafi",
      "ownership": "Subsidiary of CyberArk (Palo Alto Networks); sold as Idira Certificate Manager since 2026-05-12",
      "ownership_class": "acquired"
    },
    {
      "category": "mfa",
      "slug": "1kosmos",
      "name": "1Kosmos",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "mfa",
      "slug": "axiad",
      "name": "Axiad",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "mfa",
      "slug": "beyond-identity",
      "name": "Beyond Identity",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "mfa",
      "slug": "duo",
      "name": "Duo Security",
      "ownership": "Subsidiary of Cisco (NASDAQ: CSCO)",
      "ownership_class": "acquired"
    },
    {
      "category": "mfa",
      "slug": "google-authenticator",
      "name": "Google Authenticator",
      "ownership": "Public (NASDAQ: GOOGL)",
      "ownership_class": "product_line"
    },
    {
      "category": "mfa",
      "slug": "hypr",
      "name": "HYPR",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "mfa",
      "slug": "idee",
      "name": "IDEE",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "mfa",
      "slug": "keytos",
      "name": "Keytos",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "mfa",
      "slug": "microsoft-authenticator",
      "name": "Microsoft Authenticator",
      "ownership": "Public (NASDAQ: MSFT)",
      "ownership_class": "product_line"
    },
    {
      "category": "mfa",
      "slug": "nok-nok-labs",
      "name": "Nok Nok Labs",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "mfa",
      "slug": "onespan",
      "name": "OneSpan",
      "ownership": "Public (NASDAQ: OSPN)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "mfa",
      "slug": "portnox",
      "name": "Portnox",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "mfa",
      "slug": "rsa-securid",
      "name": "RSA SecurID",
      "ownership": "Private (Symphony Technology Group)",
      "ownership_class": "pe_owned"
    },
    {
      "category": "mfa",
      "slug": "secret-double-octopus",
      "name": "Secret Double Octopus",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "mfa",
      "slug": "trusona",
      "name": "Trusona",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "mfa",
      "slug": "twilio-verify",
      "name": "Twilio Verify",
      "ownership": "Public (NYSE: TWLO)",
      "ownership_class": "product_line"
    },
    {
      "category": "mfa",
      "slug": "veridium",
      "name": "Veridium",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "mfa",
      "slug": "yubico",
      "name": "Yubico",
      "ownership": "Public (Nasdaq Stockholm: YUBICO)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "open-source",
      "slug": "authelia",
      "name": "Authelia",
      "ownership": "Open source (community)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "open-source",
      "slug": "authentik",
      "name": "Authentik",
      "ownership": "Private (open core, VC-backed)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "open-source",
      "slug": "authjs",
      "name": "Auth.js (NextAuth.js)",
      "ownership": "Acquired by the Better Auth project (2025-09-22), now under Vercel ownership; ISC licensed",
      "ownership_class": "acquired"
    },
    {
      "category": "open-source",
      "slug": "better-auth",
      "name": "Better Auth",
      "ownership": "Acquired by Vercel (2026-07-07); library remains free and MIT licensed",
      "ownership_class": "acquired"
    },
    {
      "category": "open-source",
      "slug": "casdoor",
      "name": "Casdoor",
      "ownership": "Open source (Apache 2.0)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "open-source",
      "slug": "dex",
      "name": "Dex",
      "ownership": "Open source (Apache 2.0, CNCF)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "open-source",
      "slug": "freeipa",
      "name": "FreeIPA",
      "ownership": "Open source (GPL; Red Hat sponsored)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "open-source",
      "slug": "gluu",
      "name": "Gluu",
      "ownership": "Private (open source)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "open-source",
      "slug": "hanko",
      "name": "Hanko",
      "ownership": "Private (open source)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "open-source",
      "slug": "keycloak",
      "name": "Keycloak",
      "ownership": "Open source (CNCF, sponsored by Red Hat)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "open-source",
      "slug": "logto",
      "name": "Logto",
      "ownership": "Private (open source, Silverhand)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "open-source",
      "slug": "ory",
      "name": "Ory",
      "ownership": "Private (open core, VC-backed)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "open-source",
      "slug": "stack-auth",
      "name": "Stack Auth",
      "ownership": "Private (open source)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "open-source",
      "slug": "supabase-auth",
      "name": "Supabase Auth",
      "ownership": "Private (open source)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "open-source",
      "slug": "zitadel",
      "name": "Zitadel",
      "ownership": "Private (open core, VC-backed)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "pam",
      "slug": "apono",
      "name": "Apono",
      "ownership": "Acquired by 1Password (announced 2026-06-15); reported at $250M to $300M",
      "ownership_class": "acquired"
    },
    {
      "category": "pam",
      "slug": "arcon",
      "name": "ARCON",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "pam",
      "slug": "beyondtrust",
      "name": "BeyondTrust",
      "ownership": "Private (Francisco Partners and Clearlake)",
      "ownership_class": "pe_owned"
    },
    {
      "category": "pam",
      "slug": "cyberark",
      "name": "CyberArk",
      "ownership": "Acquired by Palo Alto Networks (closed 2026-02-11); rebranded as Idira on 2026-05-12",
      "ownership_class": "acquired"
    },
    {
      "category": "pam",
      "slug": "delinea",
      "name": "Delinea",
      "ownership": "Private (TPG)",
      "ownership_class": "pe_owned"
    },
    {
      "category": "pam",
      "slug": "fudo-security",
      "name": "Fudo Security",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "pam",
      "slug": "hashicorp-boundary",
      "name": "HashiCorp Boundary",
      "ownership": "Subsidiary of IBM (NYSE: IBM)",
      "ownership_class": "acquired"
    },
    {
      "category": "pam",
      "slug": "keeper-security",
      "name": "Keeper Security",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "pam",
      "slug": "krontech",
      "name": "Krontech Single Connect",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "pam",
      "slug": "manageengine-pam360",
      "name": "ManageEngine PAM360",
      "ownership": "Private (Zoho Corp)",
      "ownership_class": "product_line"
    },
    {
      "category": "pam",
      "slug": "netwrix",
      "name": "Netwrix Privilege Secure",
      "ownership": "Private (TA Associates)",
      "ownership_class": "pe_owned"
    },
    {
      "category": "pam",
      "slug": "one-identity-safeguard",
      "name": "One Identity Safeguard",
      "ownership": "Private (Clearlake Capital, Quest Software)",
      "ownership_class": "pe_owned"
    },
    {
      "category": "pam",
      "slug": "osirium",
      "name": "Osirium",
      "ownership": "Acquired by SailPoint (2024)",
      "ownership_class": "acquired"
    },
    {
      "category": "pam",
      "slug": "procyon",
      "name": "Procyon",
      "ownership": "Acquired by Ping Identity (2025)",
      "ownership_class": "acquired"
    },
    {
      "category": "pam",
      "slug": "segura",
      "name": "Segura",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "pam",
      "slug": "strongdm",
      "name": "StrongDM",
      "ownership": "Acquired by Delinea (closed 2026-03-05)",
      "ownership_class": "acquired"
    },
    {
      "category": "pam",
      "slug": "symops",
      "name": "Symops",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "pam",
      "slug": "teleport",
      "name": "Teleport",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "pam",
      "slug": "wallix",
      "name": "WALLIX",
      "ownership": "Public (Euronext: ALLIX)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "password-management",
      "slug": "1password",
      "name": "1Password",
      "ownership": "Private (AgileBits; venture-backed, valued around 6.8 billion USD in 2022)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "password-management",
      "slug": "bitdefender-password-manager",
      "name": "Bitdefender Password Manager",
      "ownership": "Private (Bitdefender)",
      "ownership_class": "product_line"
    },
    {
      "category": "password-management",
      "slug": "bitwarden",
      "name": "Bitwarden",
      "ownership": "Private (open core)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "password-management",
      "slug": "dashlane",
      "name": "Dashlane",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "password-management",
      "slug": "devolutions",
      "name": "Devolutions",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "password-management",
      "slug": "enpass",
      "name": "Enpass",
      "ownership": "Private (Sinew Software)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "password-management",
      "slug": "keepassxc",
      "name": "KeePassXC",
      "ownership": "Open source (community)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "password-management",
      "slug": "lastpass",
      "name": "LastPass",
      "ownership": "Private (standalone since 2024)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "password-management",
      "slug": "manageengine-password-manager-pro",
      "name": "ManageEngine Password Manager Pro",
      "ownership": "Private (Zoho Corp)",
      "ownership_class": "product_line"
    },
    {
      "category": "password-management",
      "slug": "nordpass",
      "name": "NordPass",
      "ownership": "Private (Nord Security)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "password-management",
      "slug": "padloc",
      "name": "Padloc",
      "ownership": "Open source (community)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "password-management",
      "slug": "passbolt",
      "name": "Passbolt",
      "ownership": "Private (open source)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "password-management",
      "slug": "proton-pass",
      "name": "Proton Pass",
      "ownership": "Private (Proton, nonprofit foundation)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "password-management",
      "slug": "psono",
      "name": "Psono",
      "ownership": "Private (open source, esaqa)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "password-management",
      "slug": "roboform",
      "name": "RoboForm",
      "ownership": "Private (Siber Systems)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "password-management",
      "slug": "sticky-password",
      "name": "Sticky Password",
      "ownership": "Private (Lamantine Software)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "password-management",
      "slug": "syspass",
      "name": "sysPass",
      "ownership": "Open source (community)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "password-management",
      "slug": "teampass",
      "name": "Teampass",
      "ownership": "Open source (community)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "password-management",
      "slug": "total-password",
      "name": "Total Password",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "password-management",
      "slug": "uniqkey",
      "name": "Uniqkey",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "password-management",
      "slug": "vaultwarden",
      "name": "Vaultwarden",
      "ownership": "Open source (community)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "password-management",
      "slug": "zoho-vault",
      "name": "Zoho Vault",
      "ownership": "Private (Zoho Corp)",
      "ownership_class": "product_line"
    },
    {
      "category": "pki",
      "slug": "appviewx",
      "name": "AppViewX",
      "ownership": "Private (Haveli Investments)",
      "ownership_class": "pe_owned"
    },
    {
      "category": "pki",
      "slug": "digicert",
      "name": "DigiCert",
      "ownership": "Private (Clearlake, TA, Crosspoint)",
      "ownership_class": "pe_owned"
    },
    {
      "category": "pki",
      "slug": "ejbca",
      "name": "EJBCA (Keyfactor)",
      "ownership": "Private (Keyfactor; acquired PrimeKey in 2021)",
      "ownership_class": "acquired"
    },
    {
      "category": "pki",
      "slug": "globalsign",
      "name": "GlobalSign",
      "ownership": "Private (GMO GlobalSign)",
      "ownership_class": "product_line"
    },
    {
      "category": "pki",
      "slug": "hid-global",
      "name": "HID Global",
      "ownership": "Subsidiary of ASSA ABLOY",
      "ownership_class": "acquired"
    },
    {
      "category": "pki",
      "slug": "keyfactor",
      "name": "Keyfactor",
      "ownership": "Private (Sixth Street, Insight)",
      "ownership_class": "pe_owned"
    },
    {
      "category": "pki",
      "slug": "lets-encrypt",
      "name": "Let's Encrypt",
      "ownership": "Nonprofit (Internet Security Research Group)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "pki",
      "slug": "sectigo",
      "name": "Sectigo",
      "ownership": "Private (GI Partners)",
      "ownership_class": "pe_owned"
    },
    {
      "category": "pki",
      "slug": "smallstep",
      "name": "Smallstep",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "secrets",
      "slug": "1password-secrets",
      "name": "1Password Secrets Automation",
      "ownership": "Private (AgileBits Inc.)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "secrets",
      "slug": "aws-secrets-manager",
      "name": "AWS Secrets Manager",
      "ownership": "Public (subsidiary of Amazon.com, Inc.)",
      "ownership_class": "product_line"
    },
    {
      "category": "secrets",
      "slug": "azure-key-vault",
      "name": "Azure Key Vault",
      "ownership": "Public (Microsoft)",
      "ownership_class": "product_line"
    },
    {
      "category": "secrets",
      "slug": "cyberark-conjur",
      "name": "CyberArk Conjur",
      "ownership": "Subsidiary of CyberArk (Palo Alto Networks); sold as Idira Secrets Manager since 2026-05-12",
      "ownership_class": "acquired"
    },
    {
      "category": "secrets",
      "slug": "delinea-devops-secrets-vault",
      "name": "Delinea DevOps Secrets Vault",
      "ownership": "Private (Delinea)",
      "ownership_class": "pe_owned"
    },
    {
      "category": "secrets",
      "slug": "doppler",
      "name": "Doppler",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "secrets",
      "slug": "gitguardian",
      "name": "GitGuardian",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "secrets",
      "slug": "google-cloud-secret-manager",
      "name": "Google Cloud Secret Manager",
      "ownership": "Public (Google/Alphabet)",
      "ownership_class": "product_line"
    },
    {
      "category": "secrets",
      "slug": "infisical",
      "name": "Infisical",
      "ownership": "Private (open core, Y Combinator backed)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "zero-trust",
      "slug": "appgate",
      "name": "Appgate",
      "ownership": "Private (taken private in a 2024 Chapter 11 recapitalization backed by Magnetar)",
      "ownership_class": "pe_owned"
    },
    {
      "category": "zero-trust",
      "slug": "banyan-security",
      "name": "Banyan Security (SonicWall)",
      "ownership": "Private (SonicWall; acquired Banyan Security in 2023)",
      "ownership_class": "acquired"
    },
    {
      "category": "zero-trust",
      "slug": "cato-networks",
      "name": "Cato Networks",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "zero-trust",
      "slug": "cisco-secure-access",
      "name": "Cisco Secure Access",
      "ownership": "Public (Cisco)",
      "ownership_class": "product_line"
    },
    {
      "category": "zero-trust",
      "slug": "cloudflare",
      "name": "Cloudflare Zero Trust",
      "ownership": "Public (NYSE: NET)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "zero-trust",
      "slug": "illumio",
      "name": "Illumio",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "zero-trust",
      "slug": "netskope",
      "name": "Netskope",
      "ownership": "Public (NASDAQ: NTSK)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "zero-trust",
      "slug": "palo-alto",
      "name": "Palo Alto Prisma Access",
      "ownership": "Public (NASDAQ: PANW)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "zero-trust",
      "slug": "perimeter-81",
      "name": "Perimeter 81 (Check Point)",
      "ownership": "Public (Check Point; acquired Perimeter 81 in 2023)",
      "ownership_class": "acquired"
    },
    {
      "category": "zero-trust",
      "slug": "tailscale",
      "name": "Tailscale",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "zero-trust",
      "slug": "twingate",
      "name": "Twingate",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "zero-trust",
      "slug": "zero-networks",
      "name": "Zero Networks",
      "ownership": "Private",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    },
    {
      "category": "zero-trust",
      "slug": "zscaler",
      "name": "Zscaler",
      "ownership": "Public (NASDAQ: ZS)",
      "ownership_class": "independent"
    }
  ]
}